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    Alkyl Metal Complexes
    (Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, 2023-01) K. Sarath D Perera
    An alkyl-metal complex has at least one Metal Carbon (M-C) σ- or π-bond. Grignard reagent (RMgX) and LiR are the most common alkyl-metal reagents used in organic synthesis. ZnEt2 and EtZnI are the first metal alkyls prepared by Edward Frankland in 1848.
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    Aromaticity and Reactions of Aromatic Molecules/Ions
    (Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, 2021-06) Perera,K. Sarath D
    Fully conjugated (FC) and unsaturated ring systems are known as aromatic compounds. Aromaticity is a chemical property that determines the stability of cyclic molecules. Basically, there are three structural features that determine the aromaticity of a compound.
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    Beauty of Physical Chemistry – Part 2 New definitions of SI Units and Physical Chemistry
    (Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, 2022-06) Ratnaweera,Chinthaka Nadun
    In the previous article we learnt how fixed values of hyperfine transition frequency of Cs, speed of light, Planck constant, and Avogadro constant are used to define SI units of time, length, mass and amount of substances (mole) respectively under the new definitions. In this article we will discuss the remaining three new definitions of SI units.
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    Bonding in Organometallic Complexes
    (Institute of Chemistry, 2024-05) Perera K. Sarath D
    Neutral ligands (:L) and monoanionic ligands (X–) donate a pair of electrons or a lone-pair to a vacant orbital in a transition metal centre (M) to form a covalent σ-bond between them. Ligands such as :C≡O, :C≡NR (isonitrile or isocyanide) and :PR3 (tertiary phosphine or phosphite) can donate a pair of electrons to a metal centre to form a σ-bond. These ligands are considered as σ-donors.
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    Chemistry of Radicals
    (Institute Chemistry Ceylon, 2023-01) K. Sarath D. Perera
    Free radicals can be defined as chemical species (atom, molecule or ion) which have a single unpaired valence electron. Triplet O2 and triplet carbene (:CH2) have two unpaired electrons. Homolytic cleavage of Cl2 or Br2 by thermally or photochemically produces two Cl• or Br• radicals.
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    Chirality of Molecules
    (Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, 2019-09) Gunaratna,Medha.J
    Chirality is the existence of different configurations (three dimensional arrangements) of a substance with an identical chemical formula. The word Chirality is derived from the Greek word chéri meaning hand.
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    Crystal Field Theory
    (Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, 2020-05) Perera,K. Sarath D
    Crystal Field Theory (CFT) supersedes valence bond theory as it provides a simple method to explain the electronic spectra and magnetism of transition metal complexes.
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    Dihydrogen Complexes
    (Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, 2024-05) Perera K. Sarath D
    Neutral ligands such as H2 O, NMe3 and PPh3 donate a pair of electrons on the heteroatom to a metal center when coordinate bond is formed. Transition metal hydrides contain at least one M-H bond where a pair of electrons is shared between hydrogen and the metal center. In this article, syntheses and properties of complexes with molecular hydrogen (H2 ) are presented.
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    Elements in Biology
    (Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, 2023-09) Perera K. Sarath D
    Research findings suggest that eleven elements are predominantly present in all biological systems. However, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen correspond to 99% of the total. Hydrogen constitutes 62.8% of the atoms in a human body. The percentage of oxygen, carbon and nitrogen are 25.4, 9.4 and 1.4%, respectively. Other essential elements make up the remaining 1% {sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), sulphur (S) and chlorine (Cl)}. Very large percentages of hydrogen and oxygen arise from the high-water content present in living systems. Regarding our health and well-being, it is important to know about the elements found in biological systems, their functions and the level of toxicity.
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    Hydroformylation of olefins
    (Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, 2024-09) Perera, K. Sarath. D
    Hydroformylation or introduction of an “oxo” group to an olefin is referred to as the ‘oxo process’ which is catalyzed by homogeneous catalysts based on cobalt or rhodium. This is a prominent method of producing tons of aldehydes and their alcohol derivatives.
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    Hydrogenation of olefins
    (Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, 2021-04) Perera,K. Sarath D
    Hydrogenation of olefins is one of the simplest reactions, where two hydrogen atoms add across a carbon-carbon double bond to give an alkane.
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    Infrared Spectroscopy
    (Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, 2022-06) Perera,K. Sarath D
    The energy of most of the molecular vibrations falls into the infrared region (4000 - 400 cm-1) of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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    Insertion and deinsertion reactions
    (Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, 2020-09) Perera,K Sarath D
    In an insertion reaction, Y gets transferred on to a ligand (AB). This can be considered as a migration reaction as shown below
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    Introduction to Coordination Chemistry
    (Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, 2022-09) Perera,K. Sarath D
    Coordination chemistry of transition metals is very important as it helps students to understand various industrial, chemical and biological processes.
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    Introduction to Heterocyclic Chemistry
    (Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, 2022-06) Perera,K. Sarath D
    Heterocycles are cyclic structures with at least one atom other than C and H. Most common heteroatoms are N, O and S. A large portion of natural products are heterocyclic compounds and some are being utilized as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals etc.
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    Introduction to Organic Reaction Mechanisms
    (Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, 2023-01) Jayasinghe Susanthi
    Organic reactions are chemical processes that involve organic substances. The fundamental types of organic chemistry reactions include substitution reactions, elimination reactions, addition reactions, redox reactions, pericyclic reactions, and rearrangement reactions.
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    Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
    (Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, 2022-09) Perera,K. Sarath D
    Polymers play an important role in our day-to-day life. In Greek, poly means “many” and mer means “parts”. Polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids are the main bio-polymers/macromolecules.
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    Introduction to Radiochemistry
    (Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, 2021-04) Perera,K. Sarath D
    An atom consists of a very small (about 10–10 m in radius), dense and positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons. The nucleus consists of protons (p) and neutrons (n); these two particles are collectively known as nucleons
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    Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
    (Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, 2020) Perera,K. Sarath D
    Isomers (compounds with the same chemical formula) can be broadly classified into (i) stereoisomers (e.g. geometrical and optical) with the same connectivity but having different spatial arrangements and (ii) structural isomers with different connections between atoms.
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    IUPAC Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
    (Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, 2019-01) Karunarathne,Mahesh.C
    Systematic naming of chemical compounds is of utmost importance due to the fact that nonsystematic trivial names, common names, industrial trade names, and other names create chaos within the scientific community.